Émile Combes and Church-State Separation (1904) It was on this date, November 8, 1904, that leftist French statesman Émile Combes introduced a bill for the separation of Church and State into the legislature of France. Born Justin Louis Émile Combes in Roquecourbe in the Tarn départment, Combes at first studied for the priesthood. After becoming […]

Albert Camus (1913) It was on this date, November 7, 1913, that French existentialist philosopher Albert Camus was born in Mondovi, Algeria. Camus studied philosophy with the idea of teaching it, but also discovered theater and journalism, working at those endeavors full time by 1938. In World War Two (1941) he joined the French Resistance […]

The reign of Amenhotep III is generally considered Egypt's Golden Age, yet historians call it an age of heresy. "If I knew where God is," says one inscription, "I would certainly make an offering to him."

"If you gain, you gain all; if you lose, you lose nothing. Wager then without hesitation that He is." No one knows if Pascal his won his Wager.